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Ordinary Life Resumes in Sierra Leone After Violent Protests: What Happened and Why?_我的网站

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人很少为自己讨厌的事情牺牲大量时间和睡眠，体育迷除外。如果你讨厌一部电影，看一会就会关掉；如果你吃完后不喜欢一家饭店，第二次去那的概率也微乎其微。 Dozens of businesses, government offices, vehicles, and at least three police stations went up in flames in Freetown, Makeni, Kamakwie, and other cities across Sierra Leone from August 10 through 12, with over 113 people arrested and police introducing an emergency nationwide curfew and deploying tear gas and live ammunition to disperse crowds.,The curfew was lifted on August 13, with banks, businesses, government offices, and most stores reopened and communal services beginning to clear the damage. However, ramped-up security measures, including federal troop deployments to assist police, have been left in place.,What Happened?,Sierra Leone is one of the poorest nations in the world, ranking 186 out of 198 in a recent GDP purchasing power parity ranking. An estimated 80 percent of the population lives in poverty, many of them in the country’s rural areas. Like other nations in Africa, the country has faced special difficulties amid the global economic calamity brought on by COVID, and exacerbated by Western restrictions on Russian exports of agricultural goods and fertilizers amid the security crisis in Ukraine, which has caused a major jump in food prices.,AfricaAnti-Russia Sanctions Left Africa Without Access to Grain and Fertilisers, African Union Chief Says3 June, 11:13 GMT,As a net importer of both energy and food, Sierra Leone is especially vulnerable to global economic conditions, and along with food and fertilizers, fuel and electricity costs have also soared. Food prices alone have jumped by over 40 percent over the past few months, with a bag of rice once costing 350 leones now going for over 500. The country’s Central Bank recently removed three zeros from the national currency in a bid to restore confidence. The country has also been overcome by weeks of strikes by government workers, including doctors and teachers, and by small traders protesting poor conditions.,Coup Plot?,However, President Julius Maada Bio has also accused protesters of having ulterior motives beyond the cost of living crisis.,“This was not a protest against the high cost of living occasioned by the ongoing global economic crisis. The chant of the insurrectionists was for a violent overthrow of the democratically-elected government,” Bio said in an address on August 12 after returning to the country from a holiday in London.,Local media pointed to the chants of “Bio must go” among protesters as they gathered in the capital, and the president accused some of the demonstrators of consisting of “APC Warriors,” a reference to the opposition All People’s Congress party, which governed the country from 2007 until 2018, when Bio’s Sierra Leone People’s Party won national elections.,No doubt mindful of the violent civil war which shook the country between 1991 and 2002, claiming as many as 70,000 lives and displacing over 2.5 million people, Bio vowed that “in the coming weeks and months, [the] government will undertake necessary security actions meant to guarantee the peace and security of all citizens.”,“The security forces will, and must, act with great restraint and within their professional codes of service. But be assured that my government will crack down hard on violent insurrectionists, their collaborators, their sponsors and their supporters. My government will relentlessly fight those who would rather use terror and gruesome violence to achieve political goals,” the president said.,As a government, we will continue our engagement with Civil Society as we strive to promote sustainable peace, national cohesion and socio-economic development in Sierra Leone. #newdirectionagenda— President Julius Maada Bio (@PresidentBio) August 18, 2022,Bio did not elaborate on who these “sponsors” and “supporters” were, or whether they included any foreign actors.,Geopolitical Context,Like other African nations, Sierra Leone recently rejected calls by Washington and Brussels to show solidarity with the West and Ukraine and impose sanctions on Russia. But even before the escalation of the Ukraine crisis, relations between Freetown and Washington were tense at times. Last year, US President Joe Biden snubbed Bio by refusing to invite the African leader to the US’ so-called “Democracy Summit.” No reasons were given. However, neighboring Liberia, which faced mass civil unrest of its own between 2019 and 2020, and whose officials have been sanctioned by the US over suspected corruption, did get an invite.,While Sierra Leone maintains economic and political ties with its former British colonial masters, and remains a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Freetown has sought to expand its partnerships with other geopolitical power centers, including Russia and China. President Bio attended the Russia-Africa Summit in Sochi in 2019, where he discussed ways to strengthen economic cooperation between the distant nations. In February 2021, Freetown signed onto Moscow’s efforts to prevent the deployment of weapons in outer space. In May 2021, Bio spoke by phone to President Xi Jinping of China, where they discussed the friendly, “brotherly” relations between the two nations, as well Chinese assistance to Freetown in measures against COVID, and agricultural and economic development.,In this context, the reactions of major foreign powers to this month’s unrest have been telling. While the United States, Britain, and the European Union collectively expressed “grave concern” over the “disturbing reports of violence” and urged the parties to “stay calm, promote accountability and ensure respect for human rights,” China’s Embassy smoothed over the protests altogether, refraining from wagging its finger at Freetown and instead trumpeting the expanding cooperation between the two countries.,We are gravely concerned by reports of violence surrounding today’s demonstrations in Sierra Leone. We urge all parties to stay calm, promote accountability, and ensure respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.— Bureau of African Affairs (@AsstSecStateAF) August 10, 2022,Similarly, while UK High Commissioner to Sierra Leone Lisa Chesney lectured President Bio about how “violence has no place in a democracy and the necessary investigation into August 10 can sit alongside de-escalation,” the Russian Embassy in the Republic of Guinea, which concurrently serves as the Embassy in Sierra Leone, only presented a bare bones report on the situation in the country, Bio’s meetings with community and tribal leaders, and indicated that an internal “debriefing” was being created “regarding the causes, course and consequences of the riots on August 10.”。人类趋利避害的本能，总是让我们倾向于把宝贵的时间花在能带来愉悦感的事物上，不适的就会去远离。但在竞技体育的世界里，好像并非如此。

二 | 看球一直是一种爱憎分明的活动，几乎每个球迷都会有偏爱或者讨厌的队伍和球员。过往，大部分人在面对自己不喜欢的队伍时，都会选择不去看或者关注。但现在，越来越多的人选择做另一件事：批评式观看（hate-watching）。顾名思义，批评式观赛指的是明明不喜欢某支球队或某个运动员，却还是专门守着比赛直播，就为了盼着他们输。

三 | 图源：Reddit最初，这个词是被影评家用于影视领域，形容观众明明觉得一档节目很烂，依然一期不落地追，为的就是挑错、吐槽，再从批评中获得满足，在2013年前后大量出现。那个时间节点，恰好也是社交媒体逐渐成为大众主流发声工具的时候。当然了，这种盼着死敌倒霉的心态在球迷文化其实并不陌生，但过往这种期待往往只是热爱主队的副产品，因为我支持A，所以我顺便盼着B输。但是近一两年在体育社媒上更明显的变化，是这种「讨厌」逐渐脱离主队关系，单独成为一种观看动力。

四 | 因为很多时候，一些人批评式观看的两队，哪个都不是自己主队。而且由于有了这样的归纳性术语，很多社媒上都开始出现一些追本溯源的帖子，比如你一生中最好的批评式观看经历是什么？其中很多都是十几二十年前的案例。

五 | 那么，为什么批评式观看能成为一种文化现象？一个很重要的原因，就是这种心态本身带有的情绪奖励。幸灾乐祸这个词大家都知道，现实里，这种情绪不太体面，也没有人提倡这种心态和行为。但是，体育赛事某种程度上却为此划出了合法区域，某个队伍的失败也会反向加强自己的身份认同。更深一层的满足也来自观点自证，一些球队因为张扬的行事风格或者球迷文化，给外界留下了极差印象，当一个人认定它名不副实或者「迟早出事」，每次输球都是对批评式观赛人群观点的确认。而且，有些时候看主队比赛是一种历劫，要常备速效救心丸，一场比赛就能尝遍人间的酸甜苦辣。

六 | 但看死敌比赛，相当于是纯粹的享受，是一种零风险、高回报的情绪投资。甚者，一些深受「阴间」赛程折磨、主队比赛时间对中国球迷极度不友好的球迷，为了多看球就会去早场较多的其他联赛认领第二主队，再顺着球队关系找出第二「死敌」。花几个小时时间看主队输球be like 图源：Reddit读到这里，有些人会觉得这个心态过于扭曲，但我们需要厘清一个极其重要的边界：纯粹的互联网喷子，和批评式观赛不是一回事。绝大多数时候，后者只是一种「乐子人」的情绪消遣心态，而不是真的要去对他人造成实质性的伤害。某种程度上，批评式观赛也能当作一种时间管理工具。今天这种信息爆炸的时代，一个人能挤出来的看球时间太有限了，很多人希望在主队之外多看点比赛，所以就选择去代入一些情绪，让自己有更有动力和代入去看更多比赛。如果一定要做个不太严谨的比较，一个连比赛都不看的喷子，和一个认真看完比赛的黑粉，哪个更差？大家大概都有自己的答案。那为什么要一定去批评式观看，而不是纯粹享受竞技本身？因为体育迷能做到这件事概率，比实现世界和平还要艰难。而且，一个球员和队伍越强，越容易成为批评式观赛的对象。这两天，《独树不成林》的主播仲树关于《奥德赛》采访导演诺兰的视频出圈，其中有一个极具穿透力的观点：现在我们生活在一个「需要为伟大道歉」的时代。图源：@仲树这种对伟大的天然警惕甚至排斥，在体育世界中其实一直存在，并且表现得淋漓尽致。很多时候，一支球队的统治力越强、建立的王朝越是漫长，就越不可避免地会成为众矢之的，批评式观赛很少是针对弱队的。不过，一个行为能成为现象，除了个体行为和心理机制外，也跟社会和媒介的发展离不开关系。批评式观赛文化的彻底爆发，很大程度上是由于社媒和其算法的推波助澜，且扮演了一个双刃剑的角色。一方面，其让批评式观赛变成了一种能找到同好圈子文化，变成某种调侃。

七 | 但另一方面，社媒也让这种原本应该无伤大雅的乐子人心态，面临着随时变味的风险。当下各大平台的底层逻辑，都在奖励负面情绪和观点。有理有据的战术讨论，信息流都不愿正眼瞧一眼；但某个失误画面配上一嘲讽，算法就像是看到菠菜的大力水手。在这样的机制喂养下，批评式观赛有些时候也变得跟比赛本身无关，而是变成了一场巨型的互联网社交表演，很多人开始模糊底线，让其上升为人身攻击和骂战。如果到了这个地步，那批评式观赛就与纯粹喷子的行为并无区别。